in the table means no data, since different thermal water brands like to highlight different aspects of their water. La Roche-Posay talks a lot about the selenium content of their water, while Uriage emphasises the high calcium concentration. Avène talks a lot about the 2:1 ratio of calcium and magnesium in their water. Davraz A (2008) Hydrogeochemical and hydrogeological investigations of thermal waters in the Usak Area (Turkey). Environ. Geol 04. 54(3):615–628 Avène Thermal Spring Water, for example, features a 1/2 ratio of calcium to magnesium; it is also rich in silica and trace elements. La Roche-Posay Thermal Spring Water, on the other hand, is naturally rich in selenium.

Thermal water is commonly used for a lot of conditions related to inflammation, including atopic dermatitis (eczema), psoriasis, and ichthyosis. C Merial-Kieny, N Castex-Rizzi, B Selas, S Mery & D Guerrero, Avène Thermal Spring Water: an active component with specific properties, J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2011, 25 Suppl 1:2–5. Ravikumar P, Somashekar RK (2011) Environmental tritium ((3)H) and hydrochemical investigations to evaluate groundwater in Varahi and Markandeya river basins, Karnataka, India. J. Environ. Radioact 102(2):153–162 In balneotherapy, various minerals have been shown to penetrate and benefit skin. The most common soluble minerals include calcium, bicarbonate, silicates, iron compounds, sodium and magnesium salts, sulfur compounds, and metals, along with trace elements like selenium. Ravi Shanker; J.L. Thussu; J.M. Prasad (1987). "Geothermal studies at Tattapani hot spring area, Sarguja district, central India". Geothermics. 16 (1): 61–76. Bibcode: 1987Geoth..16...61S. doi: 10.1016/0375-6505(87)90079-4.Hoekstra SP, et al. (2018). Acute and chronic effects of hot water immersion on inflammation and metabolism in sedentary, overweight adults. DOI: Iron-rich springs are characterized by the presence of microbial communities that produce clumps of oxidized iron from iron in the hydrothermal fluids feeding the spring. [35] [30] Des Marais, David J.; Walter, Malcolm R. (2019-12-01). "Terrestrial Hot Spring Systems: Introduction". Astrobiology. 19 (12): 1419–1432. Bibcode: 2019AsBio..19.1419D. doi: 10.1089/ast.2018.1976. PMC 6918855. PMID 31424278. Hydrate skin. Some research suggests that using thermal water on skin can make it feel more soft, supple, and comfortable.

I Bacle, S Meges, C Lauze, P Macleod & P Dupuy, Sensory analysis of four medical spa spring waters containing various mineral concentrations, Int J Dermatol 1999, 38, 784–6. There are another three large hot springs (Mengeruda, Wae Bana and Piga) 18km (11mi) north east of Bajawa, Indonesia that together produce more than 450liters/second of hot water. Randomised clinical study of 10 adults with symmetrical couperose on the skin of the face, treated with superficial laser. Wei WH, Ma R, Sun Z, Zhou A, Bu J, Long X, Liu Y (2018) Effects of mining activities on the release of heavy metals (HMs) in a typical mountain headwater region, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 15:1987. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091987I don’t have knowledge of chemistry, I don’t know does Avene use NO2 or pure N or some other compound that contains N or how any one of those could affect the human body, but it seems to me that there could be potential risk for people with respiratory problems (I don’t have asthma but I do have allergic rhinitis and was prescribed with a pump for it), and my experience (which is only based on my subjective perception) is that it really affected only inside parts of my body – not the skin, but the mucosa (is that the word?) of my mouth, upper and lower parts of the throat, and nose… Of course, feel free to dismiss my opinions since, as I mentioned, I don’t have knowledge from chemistry or medicine and I only read the conclusion of the mentioned study (I am not familiar with the metalanguage of the field and hence couldn’t really understand the elaboration part of the paper). Also, it is not my intention to say anything bad about the brand (I do use various products from Avene and I have never had bad experiences until now) or to cause panic among the users of this particular product, just wanted to hear your thoughts since I follow you on YT and know you’re an expert and also hear are there other people with similar experiences…. Also, it might not be the nitrogen but something else that caused my sensations… Best regards. Reply Also, because of the unique mineral composition, I find this mist is really calming and works to take redness out of the skin. Definitely call on it next time you’ve overdone it on actives (because we’ve all been there). Pearce, Ben K. D.; Pudritz, Ralph E.; Semenov, Dmitry A.; Henning, Thomas K. (2017-10-24). "Origin of the RNA world: The fate of nucleobases in warm little ponds". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (43): 11327–11332. arXiv: 1710.00434. Bibcode: 2017PNAS..11411327P. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1710339114. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5664528. PMID 28973920.

There are hot springs in many places and on all continents of the world. Countries that are renowned for their hot springs include China, Costa Rica, Iceland, Iran, Japan, New Zealand, Brazil, Peru, Taiwan, Turkey, and the United States, but there are hot springs in many other places as well:

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Zhao RS, Shan XL, Yi J, Du XL, Liang Y, Zhang YF (2018) Geochemistry of HCO 3-Na thermal water from the Gudian slope: Insights into fluid origin, formation mechanism and circulation in the Yitong Basin, Northeast China. Appl. Geochem 91:185–196 Johnston, Hamish (19 July 2011). "Radioactive decay accounts for half of Earth's heat". PhysicsWorld.com. Institute of Physics . Retrieved 18 June 2013.

S Seite, Thermal waters as cosmeceuticals: La Roche-Posay thermal spring water example, Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2013, 6, 23–28. Goodyear-Smith, Felicity; Schabetsberger, Robert (2021-09-17). "Gonococcus infection probably acquired from bathing in a natural thermal pool: a case report". Journal of Medical Case Reports. 15 (1): 458. doi: 10.1186/s13256-021-03043-6. ISSN 1752-1947. PMC 8445652. PMID 34530901.A hot spring that periodically jets water and steam is called a geyser. In active volcanic zones such as Yellowstone National Park, magma may be present at shallow depths. If a hot spring is connected to a large natural cistern close to such a magma body, the magma may superheat the water in the cistern, raising its temperature above the normal boiling point. The water will not immediately boil, because the weight of the water column above the cistern pressurizes the cistern and suppresses boiling. However, as the superheated water expands, some of the water will emerge at the surface, reducing pressure in the cistern. This allows some of the water in the cistern to flash into steam, which forces more water out of the hot spring. This leads to a runaway condition in which a sizable amount of water and steam are forcibly ejected from the hot spring as the cistern is emptied. The cistern then refills with cooler water, and the cycle repeats. [24] [25] As you can see, the composition varies a fair bit, with Uriage, the thermal water with the highest mineral content, being 55 times more concentrated than Avène, which has the lowest mineral content. Residue remaining after room temperature evaporation of 10 mL of Uriage Thermal Water in a 250 mL beaker. In vitro, Uriage,La Roche-Posay and Avène water decreased the production of inflammation-causing chemicals by skin cells. A study with human volunteers found that a La Roche-Posay thermal water gel decreased irritation caused by sodium lauryl sulfate. Jonathan GW, Jonathan BS, Bogdan PO (2010) Sulfur isotopic composition and the source of dissolved sulfur species in thermo-mineral springs of the Cerna Valley, Romania. Chem Geol 271:31–43